Climate Change and Tourism in Tanzania: Identifying the Gaps
Abstract
Tourism plays a significant role in Tanzania's socio-economic development but climate change is likely affecting natural resources relevant for the sector. This paper identifies knowledge gaps regarding the impact of climate change on tourism in Tanzania through a review of literature. Findings show that the literature is rich in explaining the impact of climate change on natural resources base relevant for tourism. However, it is not clearly integrating knowledge on the impact of climate change on relevant natural resources and the actual impact on operations and performance of the tourism sector.
Keywords: Tanzania, Climate change, tourism attractions, water resources, Kilimanjaro
Magreth Bushesha, Senior Lecturer, The Open University of Tanzania Email: magrethbushesha@yahoo.com
References
Alley, R., Berntsen T., Bindiff N.L., Chen Z., Chidthaisong A., Friedlingstein P., Gregory J., Hegerl G., Heimann M., Hewitson B., Hoskins B., Joos F., Jouzel J., Kattsov V., Lohmann U., Manning M., Matsuno T., Molina M., Nicholls N., Overpeck J., Quin D., Raga G., Ramaswamy V., Ren J., Rusticucci M., Solomon S., Somerville R., Stocker T.F., Stott P., Stouffer R.J., Whetton P., Wood R.A., and Wratt, D. 2007.
Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of
Working Group 1 to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Pannel on Climate Change, Paris.
Agrawala, S., Moehna, A., Hemp, A. Van, A., Smith, J., Meena, H.,
Mwakifamba, M., Hyera, T. and Mwaipopo, O.U. 2003. Development and Climate Change in Tanzania: Focus on Mount
Kilimanjaro. OECD Paris.
Berenfeld, M. L. 2008. "Climate Change and Cultural Heritage: Local Evidence, Global Responses," The George Wright Forum, 2:66-82.
Brázdil, R., ReznÃcková, L., Valášek, H., HavlÃcek, M., Dobrovolný, P., Soukalová, E., Rehánek, T. and Skokanová, H. 2011. "Fluctuations of Floods of the River Morava in the 1691 €“2009 Period: Interactions of Natural and Anthropogenic Factors", Hydrological Sciences Journal, 56(3):468 €“485.
Briggs, P. 2006. Northern Tanzania: The Bradt Safari Guide with Kilimanjaro and Zanzibar. Bradt Travel Guides. New York.
Bushesha, M. S. and Malley L. S. 2018. "The Impacts of AgriculturalPractices on Lake Manyara Wetland Ecosystem" Environment and Earth Science.
Bushesha, M.S. and Mjata, P. 2017. "Potentials of the Forest Resources in Adaptation to Climate Variability and Change in the North Nguu Mountain Block", Environmental Protection and Policy, 4(6): 178-186.
Bushesha, M.S. 2015. "Seasonality Copping Strategies Among Cocoa Growers: A Case of Kyela and Rungwe Districts," Geography, 2349-5367.
Bushesha, M.S. and Mbura J.A. 2015. "Identification of Reasons for and Socio-Economic Impacts of Persistent Floods in Dar Es Salaam," World Journal of Social Sciences Research 2(2):180-190.
Bushesha, M.S. and Katunzi, W. 2017. "An Assessment of Autonomous Adaptation Practices to Climate Change in Kishapu District Tanzania", Environment, 8:25 €“ 42.
Butler, R. 2001. "Seasonality in Tourism: Issues and implications," In Baum T. and Lundtorp S. (Eds.). Seasonality in Tourism. London.
Pergamon, M. 2014. "Impact of Weather Conditions on Tourism Demand in the Peak Summer Season over the Last 50 years," Tourism Management Perspectives, 9:24-35.
Callahan, J. L. 2010. "Constructing a Manuscript: Distinguishing Integrative Literature Reviews and Conceptual and Theory Articles," Human Resource Development Review, 9:300-304.
Cooper, H. M., Hedges, L. V., and Valentine, J. C. 2009. The handbook of Research Synthesis and Meta-Analysis. Russell Sage, New York.
Filimonau, V., Dickinson, J.E., Robbins, D. and Reddy, M.V. 2011. "A Critical Review of Methods for Tourism Climate Change Appraisal: Life Cycle Assessment as a New Approach," Sustainable Tourism, 19(3): 301 €“324.
Fhumulani, I. M., Ndivhuwo, N. T., and Zanele, N. 2017. "The Relationship between Drought and Tourist Arrivals: A Case Study of Kruger National Park, South Africa". Disaster Risk Studies DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4102/jamba.v9i1.471.
Galvin, K., Thornton P., Boone, R. B., and Sunderland, J. 2004. "Climate variability and impacts on East African Livestock Herders: The Maasai of Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania," African
Journal of Range and Forage Science, 21(3): 183 €“189.
Gereta, E. J. 2004. "The Importance of Water Quality and Quantity in the Tropical Ecosystems, Tanzania". PhD Thesis. Norwegian University of Science and Technology.
Glantz, M.H. 2003. Climate Affairs: A Primer, London. Island Press.
Gurung, A., King, M., Thomas D., Musiba, C., Nicholas, A., and Magori, C. 2014. "Examining Climate Change and Malaria in Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania,"
https://www.researchgate.net/publication accessed 02.11.2017.
Haman, L., Ruchti, N., Patriksson, R. and Lindgren, E. 2015. Orthorexia Nervosa: An Integrative Literature Review of a Lifestyle Syndrome.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280979525_Orthorexia_
nervosa_An_integrative_literature_review_of_a_lifestyle_syndrom
e accessed 01.02. 2019.
Hamisi, J. 2013. Study of Rainfall Trends and Variability over Tanzania. Postgraduate Diploma Dissertation. University of Nairobi.
Travel and Tourism Economic Impact 2017.
http://www.tanzaniainvest.com/tourism accessed 01.10.2017.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007.
http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_ipcc_fourt
h_assessment _report_synthesis_report.htm accessed17.06.2018.
Jackson, B. 2012. Cheryl: I Thought Malaria Docs were Trying to Kill Me, Singer on Her Malaria Nightmare, The Sun
https://www.thesun.co.uk/ accessed 19.07.2018.
JETRO, 2014. "An Overview of the Investment Climate and Investment Opportunities in Tanzania", A paper Presented at the Tanzania Investment Conference, Investment Centre, Dar es Salaam.
Kang, K.H., Lee, S. and Huh, C. 2010. "Impacts of Positive and Negative Corporate Social Responsibility Activities on Company Performance in the Hospitality Industry", Hospitality Management, 29(1):72 €“82.
Kangalawe, R. Y. M. and Lyimo, J. G. 2013. "Climate Change, Adaptive Strategies and Rural Livelihoods in Semiarid Tanzania," Natural Resources, 4: 266-278.
Katunzi, W., Bushesha M. S., and Mwakalila, S. 2016. "Examining Rainfall and Temperature Pattern Change over Time: A Case of Kishapu District, Shinyanga Region in Tanzania", Climate Change, 2(8): 557-572.
Killungu, H. H., and Amellung S.B. 2016. "Climate Change and Tourism in Tanzania," https://www.wur.nl/en/show/Climate-change-andtourism-in-Tanzania.htm accessed 02.03.2018.
Kebede, B., and Nicholls, C. 2010. "Synthesis Report: The Implications of Climate Change and Sea-Level Rise in Tanzania", The Coastal Zones, Global Climate Adaptation Partnership.
Lema, M. A. and Majule, A. E. 2009. "Impacts of Climate Change, Variability and Adaptation Strategies on Agriculture in Semi Arid Areas of Tanzania: The Case of Manyoni District in Singida Region, Tanzania", Environmental Science and Technology 3 (8):206-218.
Liwenga, E. T., Kwezi L., and Afifi, T. 2012. "Where the Rain FallsË Project Case study: Tanzania Results from Same District, Kilimanjaro Region. United Nations University Institute For Environment And Human Security (UNU-EHS) REPORT No. 6.
Luhunga, P.M., Kijazi A.L., Chang'a L., Kondowe A., Ng'ongolo H., and Mtongori H. 2018. "Climate Change Projections for Tanzania Based on High-Resolution Regional Climate Models from the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX)-Africa". Front. Environ. Sci. 6:122. doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2018.00122.
Lwoga, N. B. and Asubisye, E. 2018. "Effects of Drought on Cultural Tourism: Selected Cases of Maasai Tourism Groups Surrounding Tarangire National Park in Tanzania," Tourism and Cultural Change, 16(3):248-264.
Maegga, B.T., Cox J., and Malley K.D. 2005. "Malaria in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania: A Review of Hospital Record", Tanzan Health Res Bull, 7(3):125-32.
Malthus, T.R. 1986. An Essay on the Principle of Population. Pickering, London.
Mathivha, F.I., Tshipala N.N., and Nkuna Z.N. 2017. "The Relationship between Drought and Tourist Arrivals: A Case Study of Kruger National Park, South Africa", Disaster Risk Studies
http://www.jamba.org.za accessed 09.09.2018.
Minja, G. 2014. "Vulnerability of Tourism in Kilimanjaro National Park and the Livelihoods of Adjacent Communities to the Impacts of Climate Change and Variability", European Scientific Journal 10(29):1857 €“ 7881.
Mkonda, M. 2014. "Rainfall Variability and Its Association to the Trends of Crop Production in Mvomero District, Tanzania", European Scientific Journal 10(10):263-273.
Moreno, A. 2009. "Mediterranean Tourism and Climate Change: A Surveybased Study", In Proceedings of 7th International Symposium on Tourism and Sustainability, Travel and Tourism in the Age of Climate Change. University of Brighton, Brighton, England, July 8-10.
Moreno, A., Amelung B., and Santamarta L. 2008. "Linking Beach
Recreation to Weather Conditions: A Case Study of Zandvoort,
Netherlands", Tourism in Marine Environments, 5 (2):111-120.
Morzillo, A. T. and Alig, R. J. 2011. "Climate Change Impacts on Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat in U.S.", Oregon General Technical Report
https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/pnw_gtr837.pdf accessed
7.2017.
Mushi, R. S. 2009. Climate Change and its Impact on Coastal Tourism: A case of Bagamoyo District. Msc. Dissertation, University of Dar es Salaam.
Mwakaje, A. 2013. "The Impact of Climate Change and Variability on Agropastrolarists' Economy in Tanzania," Environmental Economics,4(1): 33-44.
Nkwame, M. 2018. "Tanzania: Lake Manyara Drying Up, Experts Warn", Tanzania Daily News (Dar es Salaam) https://allafrica.com accessed 01.08.2018.
Ojija, F., Abihudi S., Mwendwa B., Leweri C., and Chisanga K. 2017. "The Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture and Health Sectors in Tanzania: A review", Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology, 1758-1766.
Phillipo F., Bushesha, M., and Mvena, Z.S.K. 2015. "Women Farmers ' Characteristics and Perception towards Climate Change and Variability in Iringa District, Tanzania", Environment and Earth
Science 5(8):120-128. Red Cross. 2011. "Tanzania Red Cross Assist Floods Victims" www.tres.or.tz accessed 23.12.2017.
Reeves, J. 2018. "Kilimanjaro Snow Cap Melting", World report Tunza Eco Generation. https://tunza.eco-generation.org/resources accessed 28.09.2018.
Scott, D. and Jones, B. 2006. "Climate Change and Nature-Based Tourism" Report prepared for the Government of Canada Climate Change Action Fund, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario.
Scott, D. and Lemieux, C. 2009. "Weather and Climate Information for Tourism", World Meteorological Organization, United Nations World TourismOrganization
Southon, M. P. and Merwe, C. D. 2018. "Flooded with Risks or
Opportunities: Exploring Flooding Impacts on Tourist
Accommodation", African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and
Leisure, 7(1):22-34.
Torraco, R. J. 2016. "Writing Integrative Literature Reviews: Using the Past and Present to Explore the Future", Human Resource Development Review 15(4) 404 €“428.
Torraco, R. J. 2005. "Writing Integrative Literature Reviews: Guidelines and Examples. Human Resource Development Review, 4(3):356-367.
UNWTO, 2018. "Climate Change and Tourism: Responding to Global Challenges" https://www.onecaribbean.org accessed 12.08.2018.
United Republic of Tanzania (URT). 2017. Tanzania Tourism Sector Survey. The 2015 International Visitors ' Exit Survey Report.
Kimwaga, Z. 2014. "An Overview of the Tourism Sub Sector: Achievements, Challenges and Priorities for Financial Year 2014/15". A Paper Presented, at the 2014 Natural Resources Sector Review Meeting on 16th October, 2014 at The National College of Tourism, Bustani Campus Dar es Salaam.
United Republic of Tanzania (URT). 2012. National Climate Change
Strategy, Division of Environment, Dar es Salaam.
United Republic of Tanzania (URT). (Undated) Overview of the Tourism Sector on https://tanzania.go.tz/egov accessed 01.11.2017.
United Republic of Tanzania (URT). 2002. National Water Policy. Ministry of Water and Livestock Development, Dar es Salaam.
Wilfred, P. 2010. "Towards Sustainable Wildlife Management Areas in Tanzania". Tropical Conservation Science 3 (1):103-116.
WMO. 2005. http://www.climatecentre.org accessed 27.08.2018.
World Travel and Tourism Council. (2018). Travel and Tourism Economic Impact for Year 2018.
WTO, and UNEP. 2008. "Climate Change and Tourism: Responding to Global Challenges". World Tourism Organization and the United
Nations Environment Programme, Milan.
Yanda, P. Z., and Mubaya, C.P. 2011. "Managing a Changing Climate in Africa" https://www.bokus.com accessed 09.04.2018.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright © by Department of Political Science and Public Administration, University of Dar es Salaam
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher, except for short extracts in fair dealing, for research or private study, critical scholarly review or discourse with an acknowledgement.
The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs [ISSN 0856-0056 (Print) & ISSN 1821-889X (Online)] is published bi-annually, June and December by the Department of Political Science and Public Administration, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35042 €“ Dar es Salaam €“ Tanzania
