Uhusiano wa Kiswahili na Kiingereza katika Muktadha wa Kimandhari-Lugha Nchini Tanzania: Uchunguzi Kifani wa Eneo la Mlimani City Jijini Dar es Salaam
Abstract
Various languages are used in Tanzanian linguistic landscape. In addition to others, Kiswahili and English are the main languages that are dominant in terms of usage. Sometimes, these two languages are code-mixed on various linguistic levels, such as on morphemes, words, and sentences. However, language relationship, particularly in the context of written texts, does not end at linguistic levels only. Appearance of writings can also give various relationship information between one language and the other. The main objective of this study was to explore how Kiswahili and English languages relate on the context of linguistic landscape using linguistic features such as morphemes, words, and sentences; and non-linguistic features such as language arrangement within texts, colour usage, and font size. Data which has been used to explore relationship of the two languages were commercial advertisements, which used both Kiswahili and English language around Mlimani City area in Dar es Salaam. Data was analyzed using multimodality approach as proposed by Sebba (2012). Sebba proposes the approach to be used to analyze written texts, particularly those from the multilingual societies. The main argument of the approach is that writings appearance can yield a variety of sociolinguistic information, which cannot be obtained in the spoken texts. Thus, Sebba stresses that analysis of the written texts, particularly those found on language landscapes should include both linguistic features and the appearance of the relevant texts. Results of this study show that Kiswahili and English languages complemented each other content wise on the linguistic landscape within the area of study. Further, other features, such as language arrangement, the use of font size, upper and lower cases, and colour made Kiswahili language more dominant and powerful on the commercial advertisement than English language.
Key words: Linguistic-landscape, multilingualism, code-mixing, Swahili, English
IN SWAHILI
Ikisiri
Lugha mbalimbali hutumiwa katika mandhari-lugha ya Tanzania. Pamoja na lugha zingine, Kiswahili na Kiingereza ndizo lugha zinazotawala kimatumizi. Wakati mwingine lugha hizi kuchanganywa katika viwango tofautitofauti vya kiisimu, kama vile mofimu, maneno, na sentensi. Pamoja na hayo, uhusiano wa lugha, hususani katika muktadha wa kimaandishi, hauishii kwenye viwango vya kiisimu pekee. Mwonekano wa maandishi husika unaweza pia kutoa taarifa mbalimbali za kiuhusiano kati ya lugha moja na nyingine. Lengo la makala hii ni kuchunguza jinsi lugha za Kiswahili na Kiingereza zinavyohusiana katika muktadha wa kimandharilugha kwa kutumia vipengele vya kiisimu, kama vile mofimu, maneno na sentensi; na pia vipengele visivyo vya kiisimu, kama vile mpangilio wa lugha katika matini, matumizi ya rangi, pamoja na saizi ya fonti. Data iliyotumika kuchunguza uhusiano wa lugha hizi ni matangazo ya kibiashara yenye matumizi mchaganyiko ya lugha za Kiswahili na Kiingereza katika eneo la Mlimani City jijini Dar es Salaam. Data ilichambuliwa kwa kutumia mkabala-mseto2 uliopendekezwa na Sebba (2012) kuchanganulia matini-andishi, hususani za kijamiilugha-ulumbi. Msingi wa mkabala huu ni kwamba mwonekano wa maandishi unaweza kutoa taarifa mbalimbali za kiisimujamii, ambazo hazipatikani katika lugha ya mazungumzo. Hivyo, Sebba anasisitiza kuwa uchambuzi wa matini-andishi, hususani zilizopo katika mandhari-lugha uhusishe vipengele vya kiisimu pamoja na mwonekano wa matini husika kwa ujumla. Matokeo ya utafiti huu yanadhihirisha kwamba lugha za Kiswahili na Kiingereza zinakamilishana kimaudhui katika muktadha wa kimandhari-lugha katika eneo la utafiti. Aidha, vipengele vingine kama vile mpangilio wa lugha, matumizi ya fonti, herufi kubwa na ndogo, pamoja na rangi vimeifanya lugha ya Kiswahili ichomoze zaidi na kuonekana kuwa yenye nguvu katika matangazo husika ikilinganishwa na Kiingereza. Maneno ya Msingi: Mandhari-lugha, jamiilugha-ulumbi, uchanganyaji lugha, Kiswahili, Kiingereza.
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