Why did you Choose Runyambo instead of Ruhaya for your Research Project?

Authors

  • Amani Lusekelo University of Dar es Salaam

Abstract

In this paper, I approach the choice of the language of study for a graduate
research program. In a way, irrespective of the functionalist and generative
warnings, I articulate the rationale for the choice of mother tongue language as
the language of research by linguists. In the article, I caution that absence of
existing research outputs is not a sound reason to allow straightforward
research permit. Further, I point out that the main motivation of the selection
of a research topic could be the contribution to an ongoing research in which
the mother tongue of the researcher is staged to offer good evidence in favour or
rejection of the existing claims available in the literature. This is the tradition
in the scientific inquiry. Furthermore, I argue that comparative works can also
engage the cluster of the languages to which the mother tongue of the
researcher is affiliated. The motivation for the choice of the cluster should be to
examine genetic affiliation rather than to allow the researcher to attract easy
data collection practises. In the end, I open a discussion for more research on
endangered languages of Tanzania, which is an open linguistic research area
left to foreigners to date. However, I argue that an interplay of documentation
and theory should be realised.
Key words: Research, graduate students, language choice, mother tongue,
Tanzania

References

References

Amani, H. (2013). Morphological Integration of Lexical Borrowing in

Chimalaba. Journal of Linguistics and Language in Education

(2): 38􀂲50.

Ameka, F. K. (2015). Unintended Consequences of Methodological

and Practical Responses to Language Endangerment in

Africa. In J. Essegbey, B. Henderson & F. McLaughlin (eds.).

Language Documentation and Endangerment in Africa.

Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company: 15􀂲35.

Aunio, L. (2015). A Typological Perspective on Bantu Nominal Tone:

The Case of Ikoma-Nata-Isenye in Western Tanzania.

Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies,

(3): 359􀂲371.

Batibo, H. M. (1976). A New Approach to Sukuma Tone. In L. M.

Hyman (ed.). Studies in Bantu Tonology. Los Angeles:

University of Southern Carlifornia: 241􀂲257.

Batibo, H. M. (1991). The Tone Structure of the Sukuma Nominal

Forms. In F. Katamba (ed.). Lacustrine Bantu Phonology.

Cologne: RüdigerKöppeVerlag: 31􀂲45.

Batibo, H. M. (2005). Language Decline and Death in Africa: Causes,

Consequences and Challenges. Clevedon: Multilingual

Matters Ltd.

Bernander, R. (2017). Grammar and Grammaticalization in Manda:

An Analysis of the Wider TAM Domain in a Tanzanian Bantu

Language. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of

Gothenburg.

Bresnan, J. & Moshi, L. (1990). Object Asymmetries in Comparative

Bantu Syntax. Linguistic Inquiry, 21: 147􀂲185.

Cardoso, C. (2019). The Challenges Facing African Universities.

Journal of African Cultural Studies : 1􀂲14.

Charwi, M. Z. (2017). Morphosyntactic and Semantic Aspects of Verb

Extension Systems in Bantu Languages: A Case Study of

Kuria (E43) in Tanzania. Unpublished Phd Thesis, University

of Bayreuth.

Chomsky, N. (1995). The Minimalist Program. Cambridge: The MIT

Press.

Chomsky, N. (2000). New Horizons in the Study of Language and

Mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Chomsky, N. (2002). On the Nature of Language. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press.

Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative

and Mixed Methods Approaches. California: SAGE

Publications, Inc.

Amani Lusekelo | 45

Dowty, D. (1991). Thematic Proto-roles and Argument Selection.

Language, 67: 547􀂲619.

Essegbey, J., Henderson, B. & McLaughlin, F. (eds.) (2015).

Language Documentation and Endangerment in Africa.

Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Fillmore, Charles J. (1968). The Case for Case. In E. Bach & R.

Harms (ed.). Universals in Linguistic Theory. New York:

Rinehart and Winston: 1􀂲88.

Gambarage, J. J. (2013). The Pre-prefix in Nata: An Interface

Account. In O. O. Orie & K. W. Sanders (eds.). Selected

Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Conference on African

Linguistics. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project:

􀂲176.

Gambarage, J. J., Anghelescu, A. Burton, S., Dunham, J., Guntly, E.,

Keupdjio, H., Lam, Z. W., Osa-Gomez, A., Pulleyblank, D., Si,

D., Yoshino, Y. & Déchaine, R. (2017). The Nata

Documentation Project: An Overview. In J. Kandybowicz & H.

Torrence (eds.). ô€€¤ô€‰ô€•ô€Œô€†ô€„ô€‚·ô€–ô€€ƒô€€¨ô€‘ô€‡ô€„ô€‘ô€Šô€ˆô€•ô€ˆô€‡ô€€ƒô€€¯ô€„ô€‘ô€Šô€˜ô€„ô€Šô€ˆô€–ô€€ô€€ƒô€€§ô€’ô€†ô€˜ô€ô€ˆô€‘ô€—ô€„ô€•ô€œô€€ƒ

and Theoretical Approaches. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Gromova, N. V. (2000). Borrowings from Local Bantu Languages in

Swahili. In K. Kahigi, Y. Kihore & M. Mous (eds.) Languages

of Tanzania: Studies Dedicated to the Memory of Prof.

Clement Maganga. Leiden: CNWS: 43􀂲50.

Halliday, M. A. K. (2004). The Language of Science. London:

Continuum.

Halliday, M. A. K. & Matthiessen, C. (2004). An Introduction to

Functional Grammar. London: Hodder Arnold.

Hans, M. M. (2014a). Asili na Chimbuko la Wazungumzaji wa

Kimakunduchi: Hoja za Kihistoria. Kioo cha Lugha, 12(1): 1􀂲

Hans, M. M. (2014b). Mchango wa Lahaja katika Kukuza na

Kuendeleza Kiswahili Sanifu: Hazina Fiche iliyomo katika

Lahaja za Kiswahili za Zanzibar. Unpublished Thesis,

University of Dar es Salaam.

Harjula, L. (2004). The Ha Language of Tanzania: Grammar, Text

and Vocabulary. Cologne: RüdigerKöppeVerlag.

Harvey, A. D. (2018). The Gorwaa Noun: Toward a Description of the

Gorwaa Language. Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of

Oriental and African Studies, University of London.

Harvey, A. (2019). Gorwaa (Tanzania) 􀂲 Language Contexts. In P. K.

Austin (ed.). Language Documentation and Description.

London: EL Publishing: 127􀂲168.

| Why did you Choose Runyambo instead of Ruhaya for your Research Project?

Heine, B. (1997). Cognitive Foundations of Grammar. Oxford: Oxford

University Press.

Heine, B. (2019). On the Grammaticalization of some Processes of

Word Formation in Africa. SKASE Journal of Theoretical

Linguistics, 16(1): 1􀂲18.

Heine, B. & Kuteva, T. (2002). World Lexicon of Grammaticalization.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Heine, B. & Miyashita, H. (2008). The Intersection between

Reflexives and Reciprocals: A Grammaticalization

Perspective. In E. König & V. Gast (eds.). Berlin: Mouton de

Gruyter: 169􀂲223.

Karani, M. (2018). Syntactic Categories and Argument Structure in

Parakuyo-Maasai. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Stellenbosch

University.

Kiessling, R. (2001). The Integration of Bantu Loans into Burunge

(Southern Cushitic). Spracheund Geschichte in Afrika, 16/17:

􀂲238.

Kiessling, R., Mous, M. & Nurse, D. (2008). The Tanzanian Rift

Valley Area. In B. Heine & D. Nurse (eds.). A Linguistic

Geography of Africa. London: Cambridge University Press:

􀂲227.

Kipacha, A. (2003). Lahaja za Kiswahili. Dar es Salaam: Open

University of Tanzania.

Kipacha, A. (2012). Launi za Kiswahili Sanifu na Kiswahili Fasaha

kwa Tanzania Bara na Zanzibar. Swahili Forum, 19: 1􀂲22.

Krifka, M. (1995). Swahili. In J. Jacobs, A. von Stechow, W.

Sternefeld & T. Vennemann (eds.). Syntax. Berlin: Mouton de

Gruyter: 1397􀂲1418.

König, C., Heine, B. & Legère, K. (2015). The Akie Language of

Tanzania: A Sketch of Discourse Grammar. Tokyo: Research

Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa.

Kraal, P. J. (2005). A Grammar of Makonde (Chinnima, Tanzania).

Unpublished PhD Thesis, Leiden University.

Legère, K. (2006). Language Endangerment in Tanzania: Identifying

and Maintaining Endangered Languages. South African

Journal of African Languages, 26 (3): 99􀂲112.

Legère, K. (2007). Vidunda (G38) as an Endangered Language? In D.

L. Payne & J. Peña (eds.). Selected Proceedings of the 37th

Annual Conference on African Linguistics. Somerville, MA:

Cascadilla Proceedings Project: 43􀂲54.

Languages of Tanzania Project (LOT). (2009). Atlasi ya Lugha za

Tanzania. Dar es Salaam: University of Dar es Salaam.

Amani Lusekelo | 47

Lusekelo, A. (2015). The Consequences of the Contacts between

Bantu and Non-Bantu Languages around Lake Eyasi in

Northern Tanzania. International Journal of Society, Culture

& Language, 3(1): 62􀂲75.

Lusekelo, A. (2017a). Education-induced Borrowing in Tanzania:

Penetration of Swahili Nouns into Maa (Maasai) and Hadzane

(Hadzabe). Language Matters, 38(1): 1􀂲26.

Lusekelo, A. (2019). African Linguistics in East Africa. In E. Wolff

(ed.). A History of African Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press: 133􀂲152.

Madumulla, J. S. (1995). Proverbs and Sayings: Theory and Practice.

Dar es Salaam: Institute of of Kiswahili Research.

Masele, B. F. Y. P. (2001). The Linguistic History of Sisuumbwa,

Kisukuma and Kinyamweezi in Bantu Zone F. Unpublished

PhD Tô€‹ô€ˆô€–ô€Œô€–ô€€ô€€ƒô€€¶ô€—ô€€‘ô€€ƒô€€­ô€’ô€‹ô€‘ô€‚·ô€–ô€€ƒô€€°ô€ˆô€ô€’ô€•ô€Œô€„ô€ô€€ƒô€€¸ô€‘ô€Œô€™ô€ˆô€•ô€–ô€Œô€—ô€œô€€ƒô€’ô€‰ô€€ƒô€€±ô€ˆô€šô€‰ô€’ô€˜ô€‘ô€‡ô€ô€„ô€‘ô€‡ô€€‘ô€€ƒ

Massamba, D. P. B. (1977). A Comparative Study of the Ruri, Jita

ô€„ô€‘ô€‡ô€€ƒ ô€€®ô€šô€„ô€œô€„ô€€ƒ ô€‚´ô€€¯ô€„ô€‘ô€Šô€˜ô€„ô€Šô€ˆô€–ô€‚µô€€ƒ ô€’ô€‰ô€€ƒ ô€—ô€‹ô€ˆô€€ƒ ô€€¨ô€„ô€–ô€—ô€ˆô€•ô€‘ô€€ƒ ô€€¶hores of Lake

Nyanza (Victoria). Unpublished MA Thesis, University of Dar

es Salaam.

Massamba, D. P. B. (1984). Tone in Ciruri. In G. Clements & J.

Goldsmith (eds.). Autosegmental Studies in Bantu Tone.

Leiden: Foris Press: 235􀂲255.

Marten, L. (2000). Agreement with Conjoined Noun Phrases in

Swahili. AfrikanistischeArbeitspapiere, 64 (Swahili Forum

VII): 75􀂲96.

Marten, L., Kula, N. C. & Thwala, N. (2007). Parameters of

Morphosyntactic Variation in Bantu. Transactions of the

Philological Society, 105(3): 1􀂲86.

Marten, L. & Kula, N. C. (2012). Object Marking and

Morphosyntactic Variation in Bantu. Southern African

Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, 30(2): 237􀂲253.

Motsaathebe, G. (2011). Book Publishing in Indigenous Languages in

South Africa: Challenges and Opportunities. Indilinga 􀂲

African Journal of Indigenous Knowledge Systems, 10(1):

􀂲127.

Mreta, A. Y. (1998). An Analysis of Tense and Aspect in Chasu: Their

Forms and Meaning in the Affirmative Constructions.

Hamburg: Lit Verlag.

Mreta, A. Y. (2000). The Nature and Effects of Chasu-Kigweno

Contact. In K. Kahigi, Y. Kihore & M. Mous (eds.). Languages

of Tanzania: Studies Dedicated to the Memory of Prof.

Clement Maganga. Leiden: CNWS: 177􀂲189.

| Why did you Choose Runyambo instead of Ruhaya for your Research Project?

Muzale, H. R. T. (1998). A Reconstruction of the Proto-Rutara

Tense/Aspect Systems. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of

Newfoundland.

Muzale, H. R. T. (2018). Oruhaya Dictionary. Dar es Salaam:

University of Dar es Salaam.

Muzale, H. R. T. & Rugemalira, J. M. (2008). Researching and

Documenting the Languages of Tanzania. Language

Documentation & Conservation, 2(1): 68􀂲108.

Mwashota, P. (2017). Dhima za Mbinu Linganishi katika Kuhusisha

Lugha na Lahaja. Kioo cha Lugha, 15(1): 75􀂲88.

Nassenstein, N. (2015). Kisangani Swahili: Choices and Variation in

a Multingualism Space. Berlin: Lincom Europa.

Nassenstein, N. & Paulin B. B. (2016). Kivu Swahili Texts and

Grammar Notes. Berlin: Lincom Europa.

Payne, D. L. (2012). Phonological Variations in Maa Varieties, with

some Implications for Grammar. Occasional Papers in

Linguistics, 4: 35􀂲65.

Persohn, B. (2017). The Verb in Nyakyusa: A Focus on Tense, Aspect

and Modality (Contemporary African Linguistics 2). Berlin:

Language Science Press.

Petzell, M. & Marten, L. (2016). Linguistic Variation and the

Dynamics of Language Documentation: Editiô€‘ô€Šô€€ƒ ô€Œô€‘ô€€ƒ ô€‚¶ô€€³ô€˜ô€•ô€ˆô€‚·ô€€ƒ

Kagulu. In M. Seyfeddinipur (ed.). African Language

Documentation: New Data, Methods and Approaches.

Language Documentation & Conservation, Special Publication

: 105􀂲129.

Riedel, K. (2009). The Syntax of Object Marking in Sambaa: A

Comparative Bantu Perspective. Utrecht: LOT.

Riedel, K. (2010). Coordination and Subject/Object Marking in

Sambaa. In K. Legère & C. Thornell (eds.). Bantu Languages:

Analyses, Description and Theory. Cologne: Ruediger

KoeppeVerlag: 217􀂲228.

Riedel, K. & Patin, C. (2011). Question Structure and Intonation in

Fipa. ZAS Papers in Linguistics, 55: 161􀂲170.

Rottland, F. (1983). Southern Nilotic (with an Outline of Datooga). In

L. Bender (ed.). Nilo-Saharan Language Studies. Michigan:

African Studies Center: 208􀂲238.

Rugemalira, J. M. (1991). What is a Symmetrical Language?

Multiple Object Constructions in Bantu. In K. Hubbard (ed.).

Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley

Linguistics Society: Papers from the Special Session.

Berkeley, CA: Berkeley Linguistics Society: 200􀂲209.

Amani Lusekelo | 49

Rugemalira, J. M. (1993aô€€Œô€€‘ô€€ƒ ô€€¥ô€„ô€‘ô€—ô€˜ô€€ƒ ô€€°ô€˜ô€ô€—ô€Œô€“ô€ô€ˆô€€ƒ ô€‚¶ô€€²ô€…ô€ô€ˆô€†ô€—ô€–ô€‚·ô€€ƒ ô€€¦onstructions.

Linguistic Analysis, 23(3/4): 226􀂲253.

Rugemalira, J. M. (1993b). Runyambo Verb Extensions and

Constraints on Predicate Structure. Unpublished PhD Thesis,

University of California at Berkeley.

Rugemalira, J. M. (2005). A Grammar of Runyambo. Dar es Salaam:

University of Dar es Salaam.

Rugemalira, J. M. (2009). Cigogo-Swahili-English Dictionary. Dar es

Salaam: University of Dar es Salaam.

Rugemalira, J. M. (2013). Cimakonde: Makonde-English-Swahili

Dictionary (with English and Swahili Glosses). Dar es Salaam:

University of Dar es Salaam.

Sands, B. (2013). Hadza. In R. Vossen (ed.). The Khoesan Languages.

London: Routledge.

Wald, B. (1979). The Development of the Swahili Object Marker: A

Study of the Interaction of Syntax and Discourse. In T. Givón

(ed.). Discourse and Syntax. New York: Academic Press: 505􀂲

Wald, B. (1997). Varbrul and the Human/Inanimate Polarization of

the Swahili Object Marker. In G. R. Guy, C. Feagin, D.

Schiffrin & J. Baugh (eds.). Towards a Social Science of

Language. Amsterdam: John Benjamins: 311􀂲328.

Webb, V. (2013). African Languages in post-1994 Education in South

Africa: Our own Titanic? Southern African Linguistics and

Applied Language Studies, 31(2): 173􀂲184.

Wilhelmsen, V. (2018). A Linguistic Description of Mbugwe with a

Focus on Tone and Eerbal Morphology. Uppsala:

ActaUniversitatis Upsaliensis.

Vaux, B. & Cooper, J. (2003). Introduction to Linguistic Field

Methods. Muenchen: Lincom Europa

Published

2021-08-17