DNA Barcoding Reveals Occurrence of Cardiocephaloides sp. (Digenea: Strigeidae) Infecting the Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo (L. 1758) in Mwanza Gulf, Lake Victoria

Abstract

Cormorants (Pelecaniformes) are widely distributed worldwide, occurring as coastal birds in inland waters and marine environments, and have been implicated in the transmission of some aquatic parasites. As such, the objective of the present work was to investigate the occurrence and morphological variations in  Cardiocephaloides  (Digenea: Strigeidae), parasites of the great cormorant  Phalacrocorax carbo. The  Cardiocephaloides  specimens used for molecular analysis (DNA barcoding (cox1) region) were obtained from the intestines of the great cormorants collected from Mwanza Gulf in Lake Victoria. Morphological examination of  Cardiocephaloides  specimens showed the possible co-existence of four morphospecies belonging to the genus  Cardiocephaloides. However, detailed analyses of the  cox1 sequences, phylogeny and haplotypes revealed that all four morphospecies belonged to a single unknown species of  Cardiocephaloides. This paper provides the first report on the great cormorant  Phalacrocorax carbo,  serving as the definitive host for  Cardiocephaloides  in freshwater systems. The findings also reveal that the diversity of  Cardiocephaloides  in Africa is higher than earlier reported. Moreover, it highlights the need for more research in Tanzania to divulge snail and fish species involved in the life cycles of digenean species occurring in birds and other vertebrates in aquatic environments.

Keywords: Digenean trematodes; Strigeidae;  Phalacrocorax carbo;  Cardiocephaloides;  cox1