Speaker-audience Convergence and Divergence in Tanzanian Campaign Discourse
Abstract
Abstract
This paper illustrates how two Tanzanian presidential candidates deploy
discourse for self-legitimation and other-delegitimation purposes. It also
ô€ˆô€›ô€„ô€ô€Œô€‘ô€ˆô€–ô€€ƒô€„ô€˜ô€‡ô€Œô€ˆô€‘ô€†ô€ˆô€–ô€‚·ô€€ƒô€˜ô€‘ô€‡ô€ˆô€•ô€–ô€—ô€„ô€‘ô€‡ô€Œô€‘ô€Šô€€ƒô€’ô€‰ô€€ƒô€—ô€‹ô€ˆô€€ƒô€–ô€—ô€•ô€„ô€—ô€ˆô€Šô€Œô€ˆô€–ô€€ƒthe candidates used with a
view to finding out whether their understanding and the dual function of the
strategies converge or diverge. The paper examines four campaign speeches
given by former President Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete and Dr Wilbroad Slaa
during the 2010 presidential election campaign (two speeches by each
candidate). The three questions guiding this paper are: How did the candidates
legitimate themselves and delegitimate each other? What is the target
ô€„ô€˜ô€‡ô€Œô€ˆô€‘ô€†ô€ˆô€–ô€‚·ô€€ƒô€˜ô€‘ô€‡ô€ˆô€•ô€–ô€—ô€„ô€‘ô€‡ô€Œô€‘ô€Šô€€ƒô€’ô€‰ô€€ƒô€—ô€‹ô€ˆô€€ƒô€‰ô€˜ô€‘ô€†ô€—ô€Œô€’ô€‘ô€€ƒô€’ô€‰ô€€ƒô€—ô€‹ô€ˆô€€ƒô€–ô€—ô€•ô€„ô€—ô€ˆô€Šô€Œô€ˆô€–ô€€ƒô€˜ô€–ô€ˆô€‡ô€€ƒô€—ô€’ô€€ƒô€‡ô€’ô€€ƒô€–ô€’ô€€¢ô€€ƒô€€§ô€’ô€ˆô€–ô€€ƒ
their understanding depart from the function the strategies performed or not?
Critical Discourse Analysis (henceforth CDA) is used to analyse the speeches.
ô€€¬ô€‘ô€€ƒ ô€“ô€„ô€•ô€—ô€Œô€†ô€˜ô€ô€„ô€•ô€€ô€€ƒ ô€—ô€‹ô€ˆô€€ƒ ô€„ô€‘ô€„ô€ô€œô€–ô€Œô€–ô€€ƒ ô€Œô€–ô€€ƒ ô€‡ô€’ô€‘ô€ˆô€€ƒ ô€˜ô€–ô€Œô€‘ô€Šô€€ƒ ô€€·ô€‹ô€ˆô€’ô€€ƒ ô€™ô€„ô€‘ô€€ƒ ô€€¯ô€ˆô€ˆô€˜ô€šô€ˆô€‘ô€‚·ô€–ô€€ƒ ô€‡ô€Œô€–ô€†ô€˜ô€•ô€–ô€Œô€™ô€ˆô€€ƒ
semantic-functional approach. The findings show that the candidates deployed
certain discursive strategies for self-legitimation and other-delegitimation
purposes, of which some of the participants were aware. The other functions
suggested by a fair number of participants are seeking to serve Tanzanians and
lying. But it is shown that, if the participants had prô€’ô€…ô€ˆô€‡ô€€ƒ ô€—ô€‹ô€ˆô€€ƒ ô€†ô€„ô€‘ô€‡ô€Œô€‡ô€„ô€—ô€ˆô€–ô€‚·ô€€ƒ
ô€ô€„ô€‘ô€Šô€˜ô€„ô€Šô€ˆô€€ƒ ô€‰ô€˜ô€•ô€—ô€‹ô€ˆô€•ô€€ô€€ƒ ô€—ô€‹ô€ˆô€œô€€ƒ ô€šô€’ô€˜ô€ô€‡ô€‘ô€‚·ô€—ô€€ƒ ô€‹ô€„ô€™ô€ˆô€€ƒ ô€ô€ˆô€‘ô€—ô€Œô€’ô€‘ô€ˆô€‡ô€€ƒ ô€‰ô€˜ô€‘ô€†ô€—ô€Œô€’ô€‘ô€–ô€€ƒ ô€–ô€˜ô€†ô€‹ô€€ƒ ô€„ô€–ô€€ƒ ô€–ô€ˆô€ˆô€Žô€Œô€‘ô€Šô€€ƒ ô€—ô€’ô€€ƒ
serve. This divergence implies that consumers of campaign speeches need to
pay close attention to language to understand what candidates say.
Key words: Self-legitimation, other-delegitimation, discourse, CDA, serve,
lying, understanding, convergence, divergence, Kikwete, Slaa
References
References
Abdullahi-Idiagbon, M. S. (2010). Language Use in Selected Nigerian
Presidential Election Campaign Speeches: A Critical
Discourse Analysis Perspective. Journal of the Nigeria
English Studies Association, 13(2): 30􀂲44.
Acemoglu, D. & Robinson, J. A. (2012). Why Nations Fail: The
Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty. New York: Crown
Publishers.
Akubor, E. O. (2015). Campaigns and Electioneering: Reflecting on
the 2015 General Elections in Nigeria. Paper presented at a
Two-ô€€§ô€„ô€œô€€ƒô€€±ô€„ô€—ô€Œô€’ô€‘ô€„ô€ô€€ƒô€€¦ô€’ô€‘ô€‰ô€ˆô€•ô€ˆô€‘ô€†ô€ˆô€€ƒô€’ô€‘ô€€ƒô€‚´ô€€·ô€‹ô€ˆô€€ƒô€€•ô€€“ô€€”ô€' ô€€ƒô€€ªô€ˆô€‘ô€ˆô€•ô€„ô€ô€€ƒô€€¨ô€ô€ˆô€†ô€—ô€Œô€’ô€‘ô€–ô€€ƒ
ô€Œô€‘ô€€ƒô€€±ô€Œô€Šô€ˆô€•ô€Œô€„ô€€ô€€ƒô€€·ô€‹ô€ˆô€€ƒô€€µô€ˆô€„ô€ô€€ƒô€€¬ô€–ô€–ô€˜ô€ˆô€–ô€‚µô€€ƒô€Œô€‘ô€€ƒAbuja, on 26ô€‚²29 July 2015.
Allen, W. (2007). Australian Political Discourse: Pronominal Choice
in Campaign Speeches. In M. Laughren & I. Mushin (eds.).
Selected Papers from the 2006 Conference of the Australian
Linguistic Society.
Aristotle. (1887). The Politics of Aristotle I. Oxford: The Clarendon
Press.Bomani, F., Justine, G. & Minja, S. (2011). Democratic
Practices in Tanzania. CETA Journal, 9: 11􀂲51.
Butiku, J. (2017). Mwalimu Julius K. Nyerere and the Making of
Tanzania. Tanzania Zamani. A Journal of Historical Research
and Writing, IX(2): 68􀂲128.
Caldas-coulthard, C. R. & Coulthard, M. (1996). Preface. In C. R.
Coulthard & M. Coulthard (eds.). Texts and Practices:
Readings in Critical Discourse Analysis. London: Routledge:
xi􀂲xii.
Capone, A. (2010). ô€€¥ô€„ô€•ô€„ô€†ô€Žô€€ƒô€€²ô€…ô€„ô€ô€„ô€‚·ô€–ô€€ƒô€€¶ô€’ô€˜ô€—ô€‹ô€€ƒô€€¦ô€„ô€•ô€’ô€ô€Œô€‘ô€„ô€€ƒô€€¶ô€“ô€ˆô€ˆô€†ô€‹ô€€‘ô€€ƒJournal
of Pragmatics, 42(11): 2964􀂲2977.
Chilton, P. (2004). Analysing Political Discourse: Theory and
Practice. London: Routledge.
Duranti, A. (2006). The Social Ontology of Intentions. Discourse
Studies, 8(1): 31􀂲40.
Fairclough, N. (2003). Analysing Discourse: Textual Analysis for
Social Research. London: Longman.
Fairclough, I. & Fairclough, N. (2012). Political Discourse Analysis:
A Method for Advanced Students. London: Routledge.
Kelvin Mathayo | 139
Fairclough, N. (2018). CDA as Dialectical Reasoning. In J.
Flowerdew & J. E. Richardson (eds.). The Routledge
Handbook of Critical Discourse Studies. London: Routledge
Taylor & Francis Group: 13􀂲25.
Goffman, E. (2007). Footing. In L. Monaghan & J. Goodwin (eds.).
Voicing: Reported Speech and Footing in Conversation.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 396􀂲400.
Hay, C. (2007). Why we Hate Politics. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Hobbes, T. (1991). Leviathan. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Ike-Nwafor, G. N. (2015). Critical Discourse Analysis of Selected
Political Campaign Speeches of Gubernatorial Candidates in
South-western Nigeria 2007􀂲2014. Unpublished PhD
(English) Thesis, Nsukka: University of Nigeria.
Joseph, J. E. (2006). Language and Politics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh
University Press.
Kubenea, S. (2010, December 22). Wezi wa Dowans hawa.
MwanaHALISI.
Mkumbo, K. (2014, November 1). Dk Wilbrod (sic) Peter Slaa:
Muadilifu na Mchapakazi Mwenye Nakisi ya Hekima na
Weledi. Raia Mwema.
Mtatiro, J. (2015, June 6). NANI NI NANI URAIS: Dr Wilbroad Slaa:
Katibu Mkuu wa Chadema. Mwananchi.
Mwombeki, G. (2019). Strategic Maneuvering in the 2015 Tanzanian
Presidential Election Campaign Speeches: A Pragmadialectical
Perspective. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Stellenbosch
University.
Oddo, J. (2011). Waô€•ô€€ƒô€€¯ô€ˆô€Šô€Œô€—ô€Œô€ô€„ô€—ô€Œô€’ô€‘ô€€ƒô€€§ô€Œô€–ô€†ô€’ô€˜ô€•ô€–ô€ˆô€€ô€€ƒô€€µô€ˆô€“ô€•ô€ˆô€–ô€ˆô€‘ô€—ô€Œô€‘ô€Šô€€ƒô€‚¶ô€€¸ô€–ô€‚·ô€€ƒô€„ô€‘ô€‡ô€€ƒ
ô€‚¶ô€€·ô€‹ô€ˆô€ô€‚·ô€€ƒ ô€Œô€‘ô€€ƒ ô€€©ô€’ô€˜ô€•ô€€ƒ ô€€¸ô€€¶ô€€ƒ ô€€³ô€•ô€ˆô€–ô€Œô€‡ô€ˆô€‘ô€—ô€Œô€„ô€ô€€ƒ ô€€¤ô€‡ô€‡ô€•ô€ˆô€–ô€–ô€ˆô€–ô€€‘ô€€ƒ Discourse &
Society, 22(3): 28􀂲314.
Omozuwa, V. E. & Ezejideaku, E. U. C. (2008). A Stylistic Analysis of
the Language of Political Campaigns in Nigeria: Evidence
from the 2007 General Elections. OGIRISI: A New Journal of
African Studies: 40􀂲54.
Quinto, E. J. M. (2014). Stylistic Analysis of Deitic Expressions in
ô€€³ô€•ô€ˆô€–ô€Œô€‡ô€ˆô€‘ô€—ô€€ƒ ô€€¥ô€ˆô€‘ô€Œô€Šô€‘ô€€ƒ ô€€¤ô€”ô€˜ô€Œô€‘ô€’ô€€ƒ ô€€¬ô€€¬ô€€¬ô€‚·ô€–ô€€ƒ ô€€²ô€†ô€—ô€’ô€…ô€ˆô€•ô€€ƒ ô€€–ô€€“th Speech. The
Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies, 20(2):
􀂲18.
Reyes, A. (2011). Strategies of Legitimation in Political Discourse:
Form Words to Actions. Discourse & Society, 22(6): 78􀂲807.
Rutechura, F. (2018). Linguistic Features of Persuasion in
Parliamentary Debates: The Case of the 2014 Constituent
| Speaker-audience Convergence and Divergence
Assembly in Tanzania. Unpublished PhD (Linguistics) Thesis,
University of Dar es Salaam.
St Thomas Aquinas (2007). ô€€¦ô€’ô€ô€ô€ˆô€‘ô€—ô€„ô€•ô€œô€€ƒ ô€’ô€‘ô€€ƒ ô€€¤ô€•ô€Œô€–ô€—ô€’ô€—ô€ô€ˆô€‚·ô€–ô€€ƒ ô€€³ô€’ô€ô€Œô€—ô€Œô€†ô€–
(trans. Richard J. Regan). Indianapolis: Hacket Publishing
Company, Inc.
Taiwo, R. (2008). Legitimization and Coercion in Political Discourse:
A Case Study of Olusegun Obasanjo Address to the PDP
Elders and Stakeholders Forum. Issues in Political Discourse
Analysis, 2(2): 79􀂲91.
Vaara, E., Tienari, J. & Laurila, J. (2006). Pulp and Paper Fiction:
On the Discursive Legitimation of Global Industrial
Structuring. Organization Studies, 27: 789􀂲810.
Vaara, E. & Tienari, J. (2008). A Discursive Perspective on
Legitimation Strategies in Multinational Corporations.
Academic of Management Review, 33(4): 985􀂲993.
Van Dijk, T. (1998). Ideology: A Multidisciplinary Approach. London:
SAGE.
Van Dijk, T. (2001). Multidisciplinary CDA: A Plea for Diversity. In
R. Wodak & M. Meyer (eds.). Methods of Critical Discourse
Analysis. London: SAGE Publications: 95􀂲120.
Van Dijk, T. A. (2006). Discourse and Manipulation. Discourse &
Society, 17(2): 359􀂲383.
Van Dijk, T. A. (2007). War Rhetoric of a Little Ally: Political
ô€€¬ô€ô€“ô€ô€Œô€†ô€„ô€—ô€˜ô€•ô€ˆô€–ô€€ƒô€„ô€‘ô€‡ô€€ƒô€€¤ô€ô€‘ô€„ô€•ô€‚·ô€–ô€€ƒô€€¯ô€ˆô€Šô€Œô€—ô€Œô€ô€„ô€—ô€Œô€ô€„ô€—ô€Œô€’ô€‘ô€€ƒô€’ô€‰ô€€ƒô€—ô€‹ô€ˆô€€ƒô€€ºô€„ô€•ô€€ƒô€Œô€‘ô€€ƒô€€¬ô€•ô€„ô€”ô€€‘ô€€ƒ
In L. Chouliaraki (ed.). The Soft Power of War. Amsterdam:
John Benjamins Publishing Company: 61􀂲84.
Van Leeuwen, T. (2008). Discourse and Practice: New Tools for
Critical Discourse Analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wodak, R. (2001). The Discourse-Historical Approach. In R. Wodak
and M. Meyer (eds.). Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis:
London: SAGE Publications: 63􀂲94
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright © by Department of Foreign Languages and Linguistics, University of Dar es Salaam
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher, except for short extracts in fair dealing, for research or private study, critical scholarly review or discourse with an acknowledgement.
